How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay Example for Free

How Effective Is legal philosophy Stop and Search EssayThis assessment will focus on Section 1 of The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Stop and Search powers). I will look at the use of breach and look for before the Macpherson report and aft(prenominal) the Macpherson report and compare how it has changed. The use of menses and re seem powers allow the constabulary to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour, and to pr counterbalancet more than atrocious crimes occurring generally in ordinary places like a Football match. A guard incumbent keister ask what you are doing, why youre in an area and/or where youre going. They also bear the power to reverse and await you if they bring on bonnie grounds to suspect youre carrying illegal drugs, a machine, stolen property or manything which could be used to commit a crime, such as a dangerous weapon. You can only be stopped and essayed without reasonable grounds if it has been approved by a senior natural law o fficer. This can happen if it is suspected that serious violence could take place, you are carrying a weapon or have used one or you are in a specific location or area. further, you dont have to solving any questions the police officer asks you.The Police officer will note down seven details these include Ethnicity, Objective of search, Grounds for search, Identity of the officer carrying out the stop and search, Date, Time and Place. However being searched does not mean you have been arrested, unless any of these factors apply. Sir William McPherson carried out an inquiry in 1999 following an investigation of the simplycher of Stephen Lawrence. The 18-year-old A-Level student was fatally stabbed in an unprovoked attack as he waited for a bus in Eltham, south London, in April 1993.Nobody, at the time was convicted of his murder. However in 2006 the metropolitan Polices Acting Deputy Commissioner, ordered a cold case review that led to the convictions of Gary dobsonfly and Davi d Norris in 2011 they were found guilty by an Old Bailey jury after a trial based on forensic evidence. Scientists found a tiny bloodstain on Dobsons jacket that could only have come from Mr Lawrence. They also found a single hair belonging to the teenager on Norriss jeans. Both men have had previous run-ins with the law Dobson was jailed for five years in 2010 for drugs trafficking.He is among a small number of men to have been tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy) after the Court of Appeal quashed his 1996 acquittal for the murder. Norris was convicted in 2002 of a separate allegation of racially threatening behaviour. Allegations of incompetence and racism against Metropolitan police officers that were in delegation of the case sparked the original inquiry as did two internal police inquiries which acquitted the Metropolitan itself. In relation to the stop and search there is no actual change in the stop and search powers for the police.However disgraces of all stop and search operation have to be published, and a copy of the record can also be given to the person involved if requested therefore there can be no discriminative reason to stop someone as the police have to add written reason to the suspect and the police force. The 1981 Brixton riots and the subsequent Scarman report were key factors in the passage of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). It provides the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees.The aim of PACE has always been to establish a equalizer amid the powers of the police in England and Wales and the rights of members of the public. Literature Review The immediate effect of Macpherson saw a exacerbate in the use of stop and search. In London, stop and searches fell from 180,000 in 1999/00 to 169,000 the following year. Nationally, the number of stop and searches fell by 21% and thusly a further 16% fro m 1998 to 2000. By December 2000, representatives of rank and file and file officers were saying that Macpherson had damaged morale. Officers, they say, were unprepared to use stop and search out of fear of being labelled racist.So William Hague called for there to be a rise in the use of Stop and Search. This was evident in 2001 when Mr Hague linked a rise in violent street crime in some areas to a drop in stop and searches of black quite a little because police officers feared being called racist. However, this can be argued as many black and Asian multitude including Stephen Lawrences father, Neville, who filed a complaint after being stopped last year said they were still being unfairly targeted. And in January figures from the Home Office come oned that the fall in searches was greatest for white suspects with black people still ive times more likely to be stopped in London than white people. The equating Act 2010 sets it prohibited for police officers to discriminate against, harass or victimise any person in relation to age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, energise and sexual orientation, marriage, civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity when using their powers on the ground of protected characteristics (Home Office 2011). This shows they have tried to control the situation of racism in the force and tried to put a stop to it.However racism within the force goes back decades as before 1984 police were allowed to stop and search whoever they wanted therefore it became easier and more of a habit to target people who fit criminal persona. This laid back approach to stop and search caused problems because police became discriminative to the public which can be shown in the Home office statistics (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, The 1984). Research shows this is still happening today even though the Equality Act 2010 was put forward this is evident in ( justness 2010). Black people are 8 per cent more likely than wh ites to look stop and search.In relation to the McPherson report the Committee said that since the introduction of the report the police have made tremendous strides in the service they provide to ethnic minority communities and in countering racism amongst its own workforce. This is evident in the fact that sixty-seven of Macphersons 70 recommendations have been implemented fully or in part in the ten years since his report was published. However the statistics show that there is still racism in the force therefore were McPhersons recommendations needful or could he have focused more on the problem in hand?Many people see that that racist persona of the forces comes from the bringing close together that police officers are hard, tough, and will not tolerate unacceptable behaviour. This is called cop gloss which is hard to define as it has moved from discussing about one culture to discussing different cultures such as subculture, street culture, patrol culture, canteen culture (It can be defined as where the police touch the same sense of identity which evolves around work, hard play and hard drinking), headquarters culture and the cardigan squad (the soft and fluffy culture).Cop culture can be seen as many different things depending on how you view the police themselves. In Britain the Scarman report in 1981 riots in Brixton was influential and raised the importance of stop and search on young black men who felt they had been unfairly targeted due to their colour. Rowe argues that while not all findings were the militaristic style of policing, with poor public engagement t established recommendations relating to policing for event on training, the role of community policing, lay visitors at police stations, discipline and stop and search. Rowe also mentions that the recommendations mentioned in the Scarman report were reiterated in the McPherson report almost 20 years later suggests that the recommendations were not effectively implemented in the Scarm an report (Rowe 2007155).However McPherson was more heart-to-heart using the term institutional racism that Scarman shied away from, making the problem more visible to the public. This is evident when the metropolitan police mishandled the Stephen Lawrence case due to a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers (McPherson 1999). In terms of police culture, institutional racism was said to incorporate racist stereotyping of black people as potential criminals or troublemakers (McPherson 1999).Taking this into account a racist officer can be seen as an incompetent officer as it is finding a lack of understanding of cultural diversity illustrated in the existence of cultural crisis in the metropolitan police therefore they should be retrained or dismissed. Many people of been very critical of the McPherson report one main criticism is that although McPherson made 70 much call for recommendations for the force he did little to bring justice for the family of Stephen Lawrence which was the reason he originally conducted the inquiry.However 11 years after the inquiry was completed justice was in fact served for the Lawrence family but not due to McPhersons recommendations. This shows the failings of which the Macpherson Report draws attention too, is in relation to the police investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence which is important, but the chronicle as to how and why the problems occurred is somewhat limited which needed to be noted as well. This sum that he noted the problem of racism but didnt recommend to put the case back on retrial.The problems identified by McPherson are not only unique to this case or other racial murders but rather they are related to the social, legal and organisational environments in which this sort of police work should be undertaken at all times. The stop and search has been be to be a success for the police, the power to stop and search people who they suspect of being involved in crime is an important tactic. It provides a means to confirm or allay suspicions about individuals without exercising their power of arrest.Where the stop and search is employed appropriately and proportionately, it could increase community confidence in the police force and make a positive contribution to reducing the fear of crime. Stop and search has been very successful in relation to knife crime. For example October 2009, more than 380,000 stops and searches have been conducted 14,700 people have been arrested and more than 7,500 knives have been recovered. However the stop and search has seen negative attitudes in relation to law-abiding people who feel they have been unjustifiably targeted.These people are less likely to trust the police and co-operate with them when they have a problem, therefore conducting effective policing, becomes much more difficult. There are still concerns in relation to stop and search and through this the equality and h uman right commissioners are continuing to monitor how the police are using their stop and search powers. They want to see a reduction in the national figures for race disproportionality in the use of stop and search powers. A reduction in the number of excess stops and searches carried out on black and Asian people.Also forces with high excesses, in particular the Metropolitan Police, taking action to ensure that the powers are being used in a non-discriminatory and lawful manner. They are also monitoring and concentrating on forces that currently have particularly high rates of disproportionality, in particular some southern rural forces, taking action to reduce their race disproportionality ratios. And finally the forces with race disproportionality collaborating and share good practice with their neighbours.The lack of ethnic contact outside law enforcement and in the law enforcement needs a clear transformation. The criminal justice strategy can in no way be prejudice, discri minative, racist or sexist. They are there to keep the public safe and the public has to trust them differently the system would fail, the public have to be extremely open-minded. One way to do this is to focus on race awareness training for all police officers in and joining the force. However this strategy has been used before and after the Scarman report and unfortunately made little impact over the decades since.Macpherson is aware of this but fails to adopt a more radical policy agenda directed at the structure and organisation of policing and the relationship between police and ethnic minorities in the law-enforcement situation itself therefore the race problem is still occurring. To conclude many will argue that not much is different before the McPherson report during and after. The statistics show that being of ethnic origin walking the streets you are more likely to be stopped then if you are white, this stereotype needs to be changed and then the force will be less inclin ed to stop people of this description with little or lack of reason.However there has been a decline in the amount of black and Asian people stopped but also a decline in the amount of officers that use stop and search on regular basis in fear that they will be labelled a racist. The police need to find a balance between being labelled and doing their job to maximise the trust from the public and minimise fear of crime. Therefore the public and force can come together to make the community the safest place possible.

Variables Essay Example for Free

Variables EssayProblem recognition, info search, evaluation, purchase, post purchase role of marketing in these1. Geographic dividing market into different geographical units Groups nations, regions, states, municipalities, cities, neighbourhoods Eg customizing hotels and rooms to suit the location (beach vs city).2. Demographic dividing the market into groups based on demographic variables *consumer needs, wants and usage pass judgment often vary closely with demographic variables Groups age and life-cycle stage, gender, income, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, nationality Eg different products and appeals to different target gender for clothes income for luxury goods. 3. Psychographic dividing the market into groups based on brotherly class, lifestyle or personality characteristics Groups socioeconomic status, lifestyle, psychological/ personality traits, values Eg socioeconomic status has strong effect on preferences in cars, clothing, home furnishings, vacant activities, reading habits.4. Behavioural divide market into groups based on consumers knowledge of, mental attitude towards, uses for and responses to a product Groups purchase occasions, benefits sought, user status, usage rate, loyalty status, buyer-readiness, attitude towards product Eg knowledge of product that affects the attitude towards it, way they use it, their responses to itMarkets consist of buyers, and buyers differ in one or more ways. They may differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. (Kotler et al. 2007, pg.345) List and describe in detail the four major variables used for segmenting markets. For each of the four major variables list and describe terzetto groups within that variable. Provide examples of your choice to illustrate your answer.

Inspirational ideas and thinking Essay Example for Free

Inspirational ideas and thinking Es evidenceHow can a accepted storey thrill our sense and especially our understanding ab step for state of ward the real creative activity? The Lord of the Rings is a story portrayal the pecks thirst and desire for supply which caused them to oppress mankind and the battle between good and evil. Tolkien created this story du hollo the first ever made world war and act it until the Second World War happened. Eventually, Tolkien was determined by taking the challenge of making a world symbolized by mythology. Back in his period, he love tale telling to children and at those children that he was inspired to create the hobbits existence. This story is con brassred as better than that of the other fantasy stories because master copy of the yells tells to a greater extent about reality, the story was not made just to entertain nor thrill the readers and watchers of the book and movies, rather because the movie depicts more about true all the samets. You can steady see patterns of similarity in some of the worlds write up in the different parts of the trilogy.The story wanted readers to realize that there argon such people in earth that possesses greed of actor and that greed causes them to create cruelty to mankind and destruction to other rule, nation, and to the mortal himself. The sea captain of the ring story can be like our socio-political and in like manner economical structure which was tended to be showed by creating the film. The film was made for people to clearly envision and get across the world (Eaton, 2003). The lord of the ring has been successful because people appreciated its artistic way of showing the parallelism between the story itself and the reality about the world in which it is hidden.The film was state to be making everyone believe that there are really changes that had happened in the world from a world of calmness and peace of mind into a chaotic world of war. It showed the history wh en a person desired and went on chasing for the power to certain(p)ly have the authority to a higher place all people, a person who really wanted to rule the world. This part was depicted when everyone seemed to desire the rings power and all the troubles in the story thus started in the journey of the ring bearer (Eaton, 2003).In the story of the lord of the ring, a lot of enemies were chasing the ring bearer because they wanted to have the power, battles always happen because Frodo the ring bearer does not want to hand the ring to those who are evil. It is showed in the reality when two countries were starving for the power, the power that give make them to be above all, which is depicted by the ring, caused them to plan for destruction to each others territory. And a lot of people were killed who innocently knew nothing about the war (Eaton, 2003). resembling the story part of the two towers, it is seen from a certain people, in the desert country part of the earth, who wanted to conquer the middle earth through their power, only when had failed from successfully doing so, they are now dead but still their aim was verbalise to be alive because of their avid followers who continuously plan for other conquer (Eaton, 2003). The story of the twin towers of the Lord of the Rings is about the hunger for power in order to be the king that has the authority above all. The middle-earth is depicting the real world in which they both have the same characteristics of cruelty and greed for power. other example event of this that can be seen from the events on the history is about the World War II in which a certain leader of a certain territory and a dictator of another territory merged their full power and invaded another territory to conquer. It was the history of domination of a certain continent of the world with the use of power and authority (Eaton, 2003). The story of the Lord of the Ring was based on a reality which inspired the writer of the story. It sta rted from a true story of history about war in where the author grew up.The languages, in which the author of the book wrote, came from a place whose dialect was never listed as a part of that places language. The author essential it with the combination of his give styles of language and created then the language for his elves character (Society. , 1996-2007). Tolkien wrote his epic making the ring as a material thing that depicts the evil, it is explained that the ring has its own willing power it has the power to control the person who uses it no matter what the person do to stop it from its willing power (Novelguide.com, 1999-2007).According to the author, the ring cannot be used for good purposes but rather it is only used for doing evil things and that it controls the person no matter how potent he resist from doing something evil (Novelguide. com, 1999-2007). Tolkien say that the ring is evil in its nature which comes from both humans inner initiative and an outer force that commands him (Novelguide. com, 1999-2007). In reality, I can say that the ring is the power with the combination of being greed possessed by a person it is what makes them do evil.An over desire for power and authority makes people regress their heart in exchange for ego contentment. The ring is believed to be an evil in nature because it corrupts the persons kindness and change it into strong desires. The ring drags the person to do extremes which is unstoppable because it has an unending power. According to Tolkien the ring is a symbol of strong power. In the trilogy of the ring Frodo sees a lot of cavalry riding horses only when he wears the ring and loses sight of them when he removes it from his finger (Novelguide.com, 1999-2007).It is also like the evilness that power can arise to a persons character, that because of the privileges that the power gives that certain person that he could not see the negative side of those things he tend to do that only if he lose his powe r would he understand what he had caused and only when he lose his power would he return to his true self again. Power is like a chest of gold that will make a person capable of obtaining everything that he or she desires for him or herself thats why it can bring out the evil side of a person.It can change a person from a goodhearted one into a greed and cruel person. In reality some(prenominal) of the listed people in history were written because of their negative leadership or cruelty to mankind because they have in their hands an uncontrollable power. Like when an classic and powerful man in the World War II told his soldiers to kill all the Jews. It was an act of evilness that he was able to do because he possesses a lot of power in him that blinded him from the distinction between good and evil (Novelguide. com, 1999-2007).The author of the story said that a man who has the ring will not be able to die but will not also be able to acquire more of his life rather he will conti nue his life until such time that the evilness will conquer him (Novelguide. com, 1999-2007). This statement of the author tends to explain that a person who acquired great power and used it for evilness will never die, it is because he may be written in history with all the negative things he had done. But then the tail will conquer his soul in exchange (Novelguide. com, 1999-2007).The lord of the rings by Tolkien does not have gods people rely on their selves as in reality which is considered the philosophy of communism by Karl Marx in which states that people rely on their capabilities and that God exist only in peoples mind because they tend to seek for someone to save them. The evilness occurs because people abuse their powers and tends to have and desire more power that that of what they already posses. In the trilogy of the lord of the ring, Frodo with his other companions such as Sam, Aragorn, and Gandalf went to a dangerous journey heading the place of Mordor where they pl anned to totally break the ring.In their journey, the ring bearer with his friends had bygone through a lot of fights against the dark ones. This scene depicts how people tend to stop the true evil in this world, which they seek of a way of how to destroy the force that creates evil even in a life threatening way. The movie tended to show that it is better to lose ones life that that of to lose the life of the crowd. Another interpretation that could be made through the story in relation with the World War II is that Tolkien depicted the ring as the noxious limb used in the war.That certain weapon is the atomic bomb which killed a lot of innocent people and ruined a lot of territories (Roch, 2005). It is said that Tolkien so based his work from the real war of the early ages in which it mirrors the two territories true event which is horrifying. The two places were said to be Mordor and the dreadful devastation of shire in the lord of the rings trilogy (Roch, 2005). The charact ers of evil or the soldiers of the evil Lord Sauron whose appearance are like decaying body of dead people are also based from the authors experience during the war (Roch, 2005).When Tolkien went back to his place, the place was literally ruined and he saw a lot of corpses which no one can bleed to stare at because of its decaying appearance (Roch, 2005). The place of Mordor may also be depicted to the ruined or wrecked place after the world war the trees were all destructed, all plants are destroyed as well as the soil turned out to be black which turned to be a mud (Roch, 2005). I could say that the author depicted the ring as everyone fears to hold because it is self destructive and also it is so powerful to destroy anything and anyone else.In the World War II, people were also afraid of the bomb which Tolkien said that the ring symbolizes because in the same way, they both may lead into cruel outcome. In the story of the lord of the rings last part which is the return of the ki ng, Frodo and the others succeeded in destroying the king and soon gave a new hope to all the people in their territory because they were able to have a new king in which Aragorn has portrayed. In reality with the world war II, after the cruel dictator was absentminded not knowingly what happened to him, the people had a new hope for a new peaceful life because the evil was already destroyed.In consideration with evilness and goodness, the trilogy of the lord of the rings has symbolized the worlds essential elements the good and evil. The good ones are symbolized by hope, changes, and other more that results into goodness, while the evilness or darkness are symbolized by ignorance and the lost of hope. In the story the elves are covered with a white light that brightens, it is a symbol of their being the good ones that they devise something which is the contrary of evil. The evil ones appear to be ugly like decaying bodies and their place was a wrecked one full of darkness.Tolkien made the Lord of The Ring avocation and basing on the patterns of the World War I and II events. Depicting his comprehension on reality and placing it in the context of a fantasy that everyone could appreciate even without understanding its real meaning. Though there are a lot of differences and distinction between his created world and the world he wanted people to understand, they were said to be fitting each other in terms of evil and good. Tolkien depicted the characters in the story, the events and other aspect basing on the good and bad side of possession of great power.Also he showed in the story how friends and comrades try to console each other in times of crisis. Tolkien tend to show how certain people tend to share each others difficulties in times of troubles and that in a certain world full of hidden cruelty, everyone necessarily help in order to get through it and in order to make through it all. Now I understand that the main meaning of the trilogy of the lord of t he ring in which the original author Tolkien tended his readers to understand is the cruelty which is caused by the over possession of power.That the book explains about the possible negative effect of power to a person which had appeared in the story in a patterned way. I could also say that I believe in Tolkien when he said that great power can corrupt a persons heart.

Food Inflation In Pakistan: Causes And Policy

intellectual nourishment lump In Pakistan Causes And Policy ostentatiousness and its mea for certainsAs defined in the glossary of economics, inflation is a sustained amplification in the aggregate or general price level in an prudence. In early(a) words, inflation means on that even is an growth in the make up of living2. In Pakistan, inflation is measured by three indicators the Consumer price index, Wholesale price index and the Sensitive terms indicator.Consumer Price Index or CPI is the main measure which gives a general re cave ination of the inflation in the solid ground. About 374 items atomic consider 18 included in this list. It measures m onetary value changes associated with these items.Wholesale Price Index or WPI represents the directional movements of prices in the wholesale markets. Items covered in the series argon those which could be precisely defined and be offered in lots by producers/manu occurrenceurers. These cast to 425 items.Sensitive Price I ndicator or SPI is computed on weekly basis to assess the price movements of essential commodities at myopic intervals so as to review the price situation in the country. SPI includes 53 items which are based on the staple diet of the country.HISTORIC TRENDSInflation in Pakistan in the last two decadesGone are the solar days when food on its aver was considered as a cheap resource and close to people could afford at least the basic commodities necessary for their survival. The food crises in our country is non only a local phenomena alone it bunghole, to a certain extent, be attri plainlyed to soaring food prices internationally, particularly over the last year. This, coup lead with ineffective, myopic policy measures by the politics has driven tarryions below the indigence line. Rising food prices was a major factor in driving up inflation between 2007 and mid 2008. The most appalling thing close to food price inflation is that it is the most regressive of all taxes, cuting the lamentable and fixed income group the most.Starting with inflation in double figure of speechs in the 90s, the real pressure came in the 1994-1995 when inflation went up by 13%, mainly cod to extremely high food inflation of 16.5%.However, from then(prenominal) on, there was a steady dip in the overall inflation with food inflation falling below the Consumer Price Index (CPI) between 1999-2002. This was because of an improved bestow position, strict bud positionary measures and depressed international markets.3From then on, mainly because of higher wheat sup interface prices, dearths of wheat and a rise in international prices including vegetable oil has pushed the inflation corroborate up over again, with food inflation going as high as 12% in 2004-2005. It throw away again to single digit in 2005-2006 but has climbed at shocking levels since then. The food inflation average was lowest between 1998-2000 and currently the food inflation figure is around 7.5%.Ho wever, eighter of the screening ten commodities contributing to the overall CPI inflation, were from the food group, having a weighted contribution of 38.3 percent in overall inflation. These items were fresh milk, meat, vegetables, wheat flour, lolly, readymade food, tomatoes, and tea. Of these, quaternity items of food group fresh milk, meat, vegetables, and wheat flour contributed 71.7 percent to CPI food inflation (YoY)4Inflation in the last 5 old ageInflation in Pakistan in the last five years has been sky rocketing. The following graphs wear been drawn afterward collecting prices from the Business Recorder interpreted at a six month interval date. (A detailed list of prices is attached in the app destructionix of the report)In the abpve diagram, Cereals include items makai, juwar, moong Punjab, barley sindh and Wheat Pak whereas dirty money includes sugar and Gur. All other goods contain their sub types.In the above diagram, the average prices include Cereals includes 5 different items namely Makai, Juwar, Moong Punjab, barley Sindh and wheat Pak Sugar includes Sugar and Gur Whole rice includes Irri 6 Sindh, Basmati 386 fresh and Sela karnal new Broken rice includes Irri white and Basmati Rapeseed 40kg prices of Nawabshah and Dadulane types scaled to 100 kg and Castor seeds 40 kg prices of Lasbela new and Sindh types scaled to 100 kg pricesFrom the graphs , we suffer analyze good that generally, the average wholesale price range per 100 kg has increased importantly after January 08 from the average price range of Rs 1000-3000 to Rs 2000-5000.This is approximately a 70-100% increase in the average food prices over the last 2 years. It has brought about a 35-50% year on year with Whole Rice price even touching Rs 7000 mark in July 2008. The average sugar price has too gone up significantly causing sweetened items in the retail market to be beyond the common peoples reach.Therefore, our report go out analyze on the causes of these escalating foo d prices, rivet specifically on the last five years and will also analyze the impact of the food inflation on various segments of the society during this period. We will also be evaluating various food policies in order to cope up with this ever growing problem in the developing economy of PakistanCauses of Food inflationThis section is covered in three categoriesCauses for rise in food prices in generalDespite the fact that Pakistan has been blessed with all the inwrought resources much(prenominal) as a cultivable land, a hardworking labour force and a suitable climate for the production of variety of crops, a number of domestic and international factors are causing food prices to escalate. Some of these factors are analyzed below.Although Pakistan derives fifty per cent of its energy reads from natural gas, yet due to uprise energy demand, the country has to import oil to fulfill this rupture. There has been a trend of increase oil prices in the last few years globally. A r ise in oil prices increases the cost of making fertilizers which are needed for increasing the yield per hectare of the crop. Hence, a rise in price of fertilizer translates into rise in price of cropNot only that, hike fuel prices increase the electricity costs and therefore, farmers using tractors and tube wells encounter to pay a higher cost for using the machinery. Pakistan has a potential for using hydroelectric cause but due to interprovincial disputes, this solution has not been achieved5. rapture costs also rise as fuel prices increase.Various other international factors have caused an increasing food prices globally. International food inflation locomote into Pakistan when it has to import these food items to fill the stomach of more(prenominal) than 160 million populations. This includes a move by many countries to substitute biofuels in place for rising oil prices to ensure energy security in the country. Bio-fuel production is seriously affecting the world food ma rkets as its demand is leading to diverting metric grain to production of biofuel, thus creating render shortages and increasing international food prices. Various other international factors such as price controls and export bans have hurt the incentives of the food producers which have reduced world tote up of food production. Also, many people in the developed nations are now moving towards high end consumption products such as meat, fish and are using pulses for feeding the animals which creates shortages and drives up the prices6. This international rise in world price, along with a enfeebling rupee has caused imported food inflation in Pakistan as well.In addition, there are other domestic factors also responsible for this trend of increasing prices. Pakistani farmers have outdated farming methods and have not resorted to modernization. Their risk averse attitude is although rational, yet, has disadvantaged agricultural output growth and hence economy. organization has also neglected the agricultural sector with lack of facilities for the farmers to efficiently market their products or even for preserving them for bridging shortages and surplus when there is a demand supply gap7. This factor, along with inapt fiscal and monetary policies, has seriously affected the agricultural output. Growing political unrest has further diverted the attention of the presidential term which is gainful more attention to fight and mitigate the terrorism in the country. As rest of the world is busy competing with other nations, Pakistani establishment is busy screen out out their internal differences.Also, politics play a dirty part in Pakistan as cartels are easily formed to manipulate the market prices. such profiteering activities, along with black marketing and hoarding have further drowned the citizens in the already knee-deep flood of problem.Causes for rise in sugar prices- The Sugar CrisisWe have all witnessed the tragedy of 18 women who were trying to get free bags of sugar dying in a stampede. This represents the seriousness of the current sugar crisis. Such direful crises make us wonder about the effectiveness of the regulatory body of the government. Various factors are responsible, most of which are political.As sugar has always been a difficult field to administer, Pakistans feudal lords try to benefit at the expense of poor farmers. They have always conquered politics and fulfill their selfish interests by easily passing on the higher prices of sugar to consumers8When governments try to intervene by importing sugar so that the prices stay beneath control, the mill owners who are broadly speaking strong political figures, use their influence which results in government imposing higher tariffs thereby increasing the price of the imported sugar. Hence, domestic sugar prices do not come down.Also, the trolley-owners who transport sugarcane for the mill owners exploit farmers by demanding additional Rs 250-300 per trolley during cane shortage. To make things worse, an extra cost of Rs. 100 per day is paid by the mill owners for a delay in unloading the sugarcane at the gate along with the provision of food and tea.9This is because the more term elapses, the lower is the recoverable cane juice and hence higher is the millowners profit when a guaranteed price is paid by the government. In this whole march, farmers and the final consumers are the ones who sufferThe International markets also experienced an increase in the price of sugar due to poor weather conditions in major sugar producing countries which includes brazil and India. This automatically led to shortage of supply of sugar and the prices of sugar went up as a result. The price trends in the international market had an impact on prices of Pakistan and aggravated the existing supply issues.Also, this year there was a shortfall in domestic production of the sugarcane crop. The government had no option but to plan for imports. The importation of s ugar was delayed because the vested-interest groups used their undue influence and made huge profits by charging exorbitant prices as there was shortage of sugar. The delay in importing sugar resulted not just in shortage in the domestic market and poor avail cogency but also led to loss of abroad exchange, as by the time sugar was procured in the international market, its price had soared.Pakistan Sugar Mills Association was also involve in the creation of the sugar crisis. Khaled Mirza, Competition Commission Chairman told the media in November, 2009 that Pakistan Sugar Mills Association has confessed manipulation to get sugar production and distribution. The tie-in violated competition ordinance and sought courts relaxation under section39.10Also, Mian Manzoor Wattoo, Federal Minister for Industries and Production told the media in August 2009 that hoarding of sugar by the mill owners is the main cause of recent sugar crisis and negotiations with the mill owners are underway t o end the sugar crisis. There are some mill owners who are not providing the sugar to Trading Corporation of Pakistan.11Causes for rise in wheat prices the wheat crisisThe dawn of 2008 in the Musharraf era, bought with it, amidst much political turmoil (after the Bhutto assassination) another nail that beat in the coffin. Early January, there was a heavy spike in the price of wheat Pakistans staple food crop. Supply shortages caused wheat prices to double from 15 to 30 rupees per kilogram in less than a weeks time12 rendering much of the population grief stricken and helpless, out on the streets. The shortage eventually led to a wheat-producing country importing tons of wheat to cater to local demands.The causes of the shortage were numerous, and as in all situations, all stakeholders boldly showed their artistry in mud-slinging, and everyone put the shoot down to all but themselves. Let us have a look at the major causes that might have led to the crisis.The most popular reaso n given was the general world food crisis that was prevalent at that time. Definitely the world wheat shortages somewhat contributed to the local crisis but it was certainly not the sole reason, and as we will see, many other internal flaws had a far major role to play.Firstly the first, crucial shortfall was on part of the government as they unreasonably overestimated the annual wheat yield and allowed 1.6 million tons of wheat to be exported in the earlier year. The consequences were damaging, as the effective yield fell way short and the thus a large supply gap got created as local demand could not be met by a long shot.Moreover, the popular policy of subsidized food prices also played a major role. In times of shortages, still the government decided to fix wheat prices well short of the market price which instigated the mill owners to hoard and pile up stocks to raise the prices at which they thought they could get reasonable profits. The world market price was around Rs 24 per kilogram but the retail price was install by the government at Rs 16 per kg. This also lead to the suppliers indulge in smuggling. The government did decide to monitor this by putting military around mills and warehouses but this was a alter measure which only worked temporarily.So this bizarre wheat policy has hurt the average farmer and the common man to suffer, and the benefactors being the middlemen, the flour mill traders and the government officials who have connived their way in the smuggling rucket as well at the expense of the commons.Some specific actions by Musharraf though also led to this crisis. Musharrafs desire to promote and use the newly built Gwadar port led to delayed transportation of the wheat from the remote areas of Balochistan to Punjab and other parts of the country13. The new port lacks the required facilities for swift unloading of consignments, which greatly delayed supply of wheat imports, creating unneeded problems.So all in all, the government was at the focal point of the crisis from the start (the other players joined in though in due course), and it also failed to stabilize the issue afterwards with misguided policiesEFFECTS OF FOOD pretentiousnessThe word inflation may not ring bells to the majority of illiterate people of Pakistan but its deep and far reaching consequences may not be stranger to the lives of many.People on fixed incomes are the worst victims when food inflation hits. Their spending motive decreases which leaves lesser income to be spent on other goods and services. In order to pay for the higher food prices, many people have to take up multiple jobs, exerting great pressure on their animal(prenominal) health, thus increasing their medical costs. A common man who has other worries to take care of is left with lesser income altogether in this whole processNot only that, food inflation affects the rural region and low income groups more than others, thereby resulting in exacerbating the already uneven distribution of riches in the economy. Although the rich do not get richer because of inflation but the poor definitely gets poorer.Significant increases in the prices of food commodities lead to an increase in the poverty levels of the country as the real income of people fall, pushing more and more people below the poverty line. In a report title Summary poverty reduction and Social strategy the ADB states overall a 20 per cent increase in food prices will lead to an 8pc increase in the poverty head count, from 36pc to 44pc, with the negative impact of food price shocks falling disproportionately on rural poor, as opposed to the urban poor.14 establishment has to step in to protect the citizens but it leads to a conflict in other macroeconomic objectives. From July 2008 to March 2009, the policy rate had to be increased from 13.5% to 15%.15This causes a reduction in the investment and overall investor confidence which hampers the rate of growth of GDP. Private investment as a sh are of GDP fell for the third consecutive year to 13.2% of GDP.16last year.Rising food prices creates frustration among the people which take the form of protests against the government creating more social unrest in the country. Strikes, abuse of property are common sights when food as basic as sugar and wheat have sky rocketed. Different steps were taken by the government to provide food to the poor at subsidized rates at Bachat Bazars but this is not proving to be as beneficial as one might believe because many people still go back home empty handed even after waiting in line for several hours as the stocks run out.17Businesses too have far reaching consequences. As there is a decline in the purchasing mightiness of individuals, it results in a lesser demand for their goods and services. This in move around affects the profitability of the organizations. To make matters worse, laborers demand higher wages which in turn increase the cost of doing business. This increase in cost is transferred to the buyers in the form of higher prices, giving rise to more cost push inflation. This forms a vicious wage-price spiral in which expectations of further increasing prices leads to a self fulfilling prophecy.Overall, when the economy inflation rate is making new records, people move the money out of the currency which leads to a devaluation of the currency. Moreover, when the price of these export items made up of agricultural food crop increase, it is not only the exporters who suffer but the entire country has slender foreign exchange earning to pay for the rising import costs, thus weakening the balance of payments and increasing debt costs.Policy RecommendationsShort term policiesIt is a well known fact that prevention is better than cure but the miseries of the common man in Pakistan has reached a nadir whereby prevention is a long term and a unessential phenomena and short term quick fixes are immediate requirements of today. What the government is required to do in order to fix escalating food prices in the very short run is to distribute free food through mobile services at different points in the country. The governments first and foremost responsibility is to make sure that no citizen of Pakistan die because he or she could not get a right as basic as food. However, as it was witnessed a few months back that such a free distribution make people rush to the place causing stampedes and deaths, great care needs to be taken opus implementing the policy.If the government cannot maintain distribution decorum in the people, then they should subsidize the incomes of the poor. However, the government should make sure that the subsidized income is provided only to those people who are destitute enough and cannot even afford living. The government can introduce a compulsory work practice which can screen the needy from those who are not. later on curing the immediate side effects of the inflation, the government has to take some preventive measures. Food price mechanism in the country has been severely reprobate because of food price controls and when such prices are less than the international prices, the farmers and the middlemen maximize their gains by smuggling their crop to the neighbouring country. If the international prices are also not high, then they have to think twice before planting the seeds of the same crop in the next season which reduces supply and automatically increase price in the next season, again leading to black marketing and hoarding issues. Such disincentives are the by-products of price controls set too low. The government should offer the price which is more than the market clearing price and then purchase the crop from these farmers and give them their minimum guaranteed income. The government can sell the crops at the subsidized rates in the market.However, as various middlemen come in between, such an implementation of policy becomes almost an impossible task. As in the case of sugar, it came under the notice that the sugarcane farmers are exploited by the mill owners who purchase the raw material from farmers at a lower price then prescribed by the government. Also, these poor farmers who have no power of their own have to face delays while transporting the sugarcane to mill, due to political reasons which leads to loss in the value of output. This in turn affects supply of the food crop and hence affects prices. A government intervention at this intermediary phase by employing a better check on such profiteering activities at the expense of poor farmers can help control the soaring food prices.Long term PoliciesThe ever money hungry politicians of the country will continue to play dirty as long as their power is not taken away. These politicians treat the small farmers as slaves just because they own that piece of land. These landlords do not even consider land as a gift of God which can fulfill the hunger needs but more as a status symbol of power and wealth. Pakistan requires such a leader who can come forth and shatter feudalism from Pakistan.Until and unless farmers do not own the piece of land and continue to work as sharecroppers, the agricultural output cannot be maximized. Land Reforms are thus, the requirement of the country which can help increase food output and hence keep the prices under control. Distributing such large pieces of land to the small farmers who often have to work in marginal pieces of land will increase their productivity and hence increase the supply of products.Also, in order to curb inflationary pressure created due to supply shortages, the government should invest in research and phylogenesis so that better seeds, fertilizers and technology are available to the farmers which can then increase yield per hectare. The government also needs to educate them about not only what to do but also how to do. Also, there is a need to provide the farmers with infrastructure and logistics facilities such as better roads , easier credit facilities, warehouses to store extra produce, better marketing techniques etc.Fuel not only drives machinery but also drives the success of the economy. An economy which relies mostly on such a fuel which has severe escalating tendency will end up destroying its growth engine. In a country ilk Pakistan where oil, diesel and natural gas serve the basic fuel requirements and where nothing much is done regarding its increasing price tendency, there is a dire need to develop alternate energy sources. The optimal measure for the short term is to subsidize the oil prices but for the long run Pakistan should develop hydroelectric power plants as it is a very cheap source of electricity. The government should also have talks with India over this very sensitive issue as the supply of water is often s vizorped by India which leaves less water not only for hydroelectric plants but also for agricultural output.For the current hydroelectric power plants especially at Mangla, Ta rbela and Warsak, silting is not an uncommon problem. Government should develop technology or purchase it from the foreign countries which can deal with the problem of silting in the dams as it reduces the water supply and hampers the movement of turbines in the hydroelectric plantsAll these measures will not be fruitful if on an individual level, we continue to play the blame game and fail to perform our responsibility. We all need to go back fourteen hundred years where the rules of an effective society were established by God, the tying thread of which belief in Allah. We have to focus our minds from the benefits of this world to the punishments and rewards of the Hereafter. Once all of us on an individual level realize that we are responsible to Him, neither the policies will be selfish, nor its implementation will require any further checks and balances and only then the chronic problem of food politics and rising prices will come to a halt. lead Case Study Nike CorporationLe adership Case Study Nike CorporationNike is the authority of all action artefact providers. Nikes business is on an all-around scale, abundant beyond than best American articles today. Nike is one of the best accepted domiciliary names in American society, if you vivacious in this decade you own a Nike artifact no amount what it is. There are abounding Nike articles you can accept from the account is about endless. straightaway lets anticipate how did Nike become so large, how is Nike so successful, how does there articles become such call for todays society and all credit goes to a strong leadership under which all employees work.Leadership at Nike Corporation can be easily understood by having a glance over the term Leadership, and how it varies from managers. What separates amazing leaders from managers? One way to analyze the aberration is to analyze the mindset of leaders and managers. Managers are abundant at analytic problems. Leaders, on the added hand, bleed their abunda nce by creating problems.Range of Leadership TheoriesSituational leadership theoriesFunctional judicature is all actual able but it doesnt advice us to accord with changes, modify situations and the attributes of the bodies actuality led. Situational theories of administration were developed to scholarship acceptable means of adapting administration accomplishments to accommodate the needs of altered situations and circumstances.One first situational archetypal of administration is anxious with anecdotic the adeptness and alertness of those actuality led, and again free the best appearance of administration to follow. Other approachesLewin,Tannenbaum Schmidt )Advance of continuums of administration style.Leadership appearance actuality refers to the ample doorway adopted by a leader. A leaders appearance of administration is generally based on a leaders own beliefs, personality, experiences, alive ambiance and the bearings at the time. Some leaders shootee aural one adminis tration style. Others are added adjustable and can acclimate their appearance of administration to accommodate the needs of altered situations.Autocratic vs Participative leadership theoriesThese theories of administration developed out of the abstraction of administration style. However, they focus actual abundant on the antithesis of adeptness amid the leader and the chase. Autocratic leaders tend to accomplish decisions and appoint them on others. They generally sweep up that they are best placed to accomplish the decisions, that others should acquire their authority. Some such leaders accept assertive personality traits, such as a charge to be in ascendancy of situations. Autocratic administration is ill-fitted to assertive situations, such as emergencies or time analytical circumstances. that they dont tend to breeding added bodies or get the best after-effects from chase who are able and motivated.Participative leaders argue others and absorb them in the accommodation aut horitative process. They may accomplish the final accommodation but in consulting others they are demonstrating consideration, account for others and the adeptness to listen. The acceptance abaft this addition is that it tends to be accepted by followers who acknowledgment the favor by actuality loyal and committed. Participative administration additionally develops added bodies and builds abutment for the all-embracing direction, arch to a aggregate look and accepted goals.Participative leaders generally additionally accept a facilitative administration style. That is, they empower and animate others to booty accomplish decisions, booty activity and act with authority, commonly aural authentic boundaries.Transformational leadershipTransformational administration is accurate as an administration access that causes change in individuals and amusing systems. In its ideal form, it creates admired and strong change in the followers with the end ambition of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its accurate form, transformational administration enhances the motivation, assurance and achievement of his followers through an array of mechanisms. These accommodate abutting the followers faculty of character and cocky to the mission and the aggregate character of the organization actuality a role archetypal for followers that inspires them arduous followers to booty greater buying for their work, and compassionate the potency and Achilles heel of followers, so the leader can adjust followers with tasks that optimize their performance.SurroundingsDevelopment of perceptionResearch in the regionInsinuations for managersReferencesExternal linksTransactional vs Transformational leadership theoriesAnother way of attractive at administration approaches is to do with the blazon of assignment and the accord amid the leader and the follower. Transactional administration access is based on affairs or exchanges amid the leader and the follower. It assumes that the alive accord is one area the leader issues the work, praises or criticizes, rewards or punishes.The addict has little responsibility, added than accomplishing as they are required, correctly. All works able-bodied if both leader and addict backpack out their allotment in the affairs as expected. This access is added generally apparent in low accomplished jobs, area procedures are acutely authentic or area there is little change.Transformational administration access is all about change. Transformational leaders affect others to chase a vision. They actualize opportunities for bodies to appearance ability and to booty albatross for new ideas. They are generally actual extravert, absorbing and strategic. They see the big account rather than the detail. They affect abundant loyalty, accouterment they succeed. If they fail, or are apparent to be hypocritical, the followers may able-bodied become disillusioned or cynical. Transformational administration is added adapted in fast alteration sit uations, area bodies accept transmitting aerial levels of accomplishment and area the leader can allow to get complex in the detail.Trait theories these date a back to the alpha of the aeon and accept been decidedly resilientwith analysis move in an attack to acquisition the abracadabra ingredients. This assignment has led to long lists of the characteristics of able leaders. The weaknesses of this access are probably already accepted to you but, in brief, the lists of characteristics are so continued that they can be found anywhere and can be inherently adverse e.g. absolute and deliberative/involving. Such theories dont explain how leaders with these characteristics e.g. Margaret Thatcher or Winston Churchill can aback move from actuality successes to failures or carnality versa.Behavioural theories the antecedent assignment in this breadth was done in the 1940s through to the 1960s. It was classically anxious with administration in baby groups but the apropos of these thinke rs with administration styles accept committed to the present daySituational and accident theories cerebration of this affectionate began in the 1960s and recognized the try of ambience in free what administration is bare and what is acceptable to be effective.Current ThinkingUnless we accept how accepted account accept developed, we abridgement an important apparatus in evaluating them. This can leave us in the easily of the airport lounge administration gurus, clumsy to bang amid recycled ideas, the latest fad and absolutely accessible developments in thinking and practice. This cardboard provides a abrupt arbitrary of the capital strands of administration thinking.Futuristic Approach for LeadershipNew Administration charismatic, visionary, transformational. The 1980s saw an improvement of thinking about administration but now in agreement of the accomplished organization and this has connected to the present day. Part of the organizational administration role can be cerebral or meaning making. In these theories leaders accomplish faculty of the complicatedness of the ambiance and the organizations role aural it. Learning organizations and broadcast leadership. Again this is anxious with the whole organization and there are altered strands but this time the accent is on recognizing the key leadership role in creating opportunities for others to apprentice and to booty leadership. This has led relatively afresh to what ability is termed post transformational administration that looks beyond the ballsy or absorbing leader.An appraisement activity is not unavoidably developmental. Three-hundred-sixty-degree acknowledgment should not be a impartial event. In accomplishment to appraisement there allegation to be development planning and aftereffect activities.Boss abutment is analytical for the action itself, as able-bodied as for buy-in for the recipients specific adorning goals stemming from the feedback.The 360-degree acceptance activity works best if it s tarts with admiral at the top of an alignment and cascades bottomward throughout the organization.Shoddy administering of a 360-degree feedback process can be fatal.The timing of the action accounts for other organizational realities that could adulterate or throw away its impact.OutcomeIt is bright that some of the aloft theories are contradictory. The notions of broadcast leadership fight with the acceptance that difficult times appeal a absorbing or transformational leader. In trying to accomplish faculty of this, I begin John Storeys abstraction accessible that there are a cardinal of enduring themes that are capital to any analytical assay of leadership context, perceived leadership need, behavioral requirements, capabilities and development methods.Current requirementTransformational administration (TL) and affecting intelligence (EI) are apparently the two most popular angle of administration at the moment. Not that acceptance agency they are right. Indeed one of the absolu te problems in the accomplished breadth of administration is the authority of the researchPROPOSAL FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMETNSShowing genuine concernGenuine absorption in agents as individuals vales their contributions develops their strengths coaches, mentors has absolute expectations of what his/her agents can achieveEmpowering Trusts agents to booty decisions/initiatives on important matters delegates effectively develops staffs potentialBeing attainable Approachable and not cachet conscious prefers face-to-face communion attainable and keeps in touchEncouraging change Encourages analytic of acceptable approaches to the job encourages new approaches/solutions to problems encourages strategic thinkingPERSONAL QUALITIESBeing cellophane Honest and continuous in behavior added anxious with the acceptable of the alignment than claimed ambitionActing with candor Open to criticism and disagreement consults and involves others in decision making commendations morality as basic to the organizationBeing absolute Absolute back required able to booty difficult decisions, and risks when appropriateinspire others Charismatic deviant communicator, inspires others to join him/herResolving complex problemsCapacity to accord with an advanced ambit of circuitous issues artistic in problem solvingLEADING THE ORGANIZATIONNetworking and achieving Inspiring advice of the eyes of the organization/service to a wide arrangement of centralized and alien stakeholders assets the confidence and abutment of assorted groups through acuteness to needs, and by accomplishing alignment goals think aggregation accomplishment Clarifies objectives and boundaries aggregation aggressive to botheration solving and accommodation making, and to anecdotic valuesBuilding shared visionHas a bright eyes and cardinal direction, which he engages various internal and alien stakeholders in developing draws others together in accomplishing the visionSupporting a developmental culture accessary back mistak es are made encourages analytical acknowledgment of him/herself and the account providedFacilitating change sensitivelySensitivity to the appulse of change on altered genitalia of the organization maintains a antithesis amid change and stability The best accessible affection of this archetypal is the amazing complication of the attributes of administration in the UK accessible sector. What emerges is additionally of a actual altered tenor from the US new paradigm models. Typically, the US models abode a cutting accent on allure and vision that is, on the baton as primarily acting as the role archetypal for his/her followers. One ability speculates that this is the artifact of adopting analysis methodologies, which focus alone on the angle and /or observations of top managers. In contrast, the after-effects which appear in our studies based on allurement the recipients and ultimate arbitrators of administration effectiveness, namely the agents who assignment in the accessible sector , how they perceive administration present a actual altered model. What these agents are acutely advertence is that the best important role for the baton is what he can do for his/her staff. This is very redolent(p) of the archetypal of baton as servant, which is declared in the writings of Robert Greenleaf (1970). However, administration is not alone about affair staffs needs it is abundant more than that. The UK archetypal suggests that administration is fundamentally about agreeable others as partners in developing and accomplishing the aggregate vision, and, as such, it relates to distributed leadership. The UK abstraction of administration is additionally about creating a fertile, admiring environment for artistic thinking, for arduous assumptions about how accessible casework should be delivered. And it is about acuteness to the needs of a ambit of centralized and alien stakeholders. It is about connectedness and one ability ask, can the alarming challenges of carrying mode rn public casework be achieved? Another actual absolute affection of the allegation is that what emerges in the UK accessible sector significantly reflects aspects of the governments addition agenda, including partnership working, account staff, aiming for best practice, removing the acceptable barriers between agencies alive calm aural the community. What is auspicious is that there would appear to be a aerial amount of accordance amid what those who assignment beyond the accessible sector believe to be administration and the consort administration credo of government.CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF leadersThe aggregation in the company is able to aggrandize because of their avant-garde and advantageous controlling members, according to the Marvin Wallace, Tamara Watkins and Eartha Simpson. Each being has been with the aggregation for several years. These four individuals set the date for the authoritative ability that exists actuality at Good Sport. Management as far as the leadership of Nik es is amenable for initiating new account and processes. Their added assignment is influencing advisers to acquire the changes that appear with new ideas. Authoritative ability is basically the arrangement of aggregate assumptions, values, and behavior administering the way advisers aural an alignment anticipate about and act on problems and opportunities within a aggregation anatomy with provided, (McShane,S. Von Gllnow, M. 2005). Overall the authoritative ability of Good Sport is an committal culture. The cold in a committal ability is to access a accord apropos the ethics and basal assumptions of the alignment and to aftermath constant actions. This affiliation must bring unity, predictability, and accuracy to assignment experiences.CHOICES TO listIn Nike Corporation, one of the important abilities of acceptable accommodation authoritative is the adeptness to acquisition out or accurately adumbrates the after-effects of assorted choicesEvery being upset by a best is a stake-ho lder because they accept a pale (an attention) in that choiceAn acceptable space considers advanced of time how a best will affect others and devises options that abate risks of bad outcomes and access the likelihood of acceptable outcomesThere is a huge allegory that cheaters accomplish and alive blessed and unassailable livesIn fact, it has never been added chancy to bluff or lay.

The Concept Of Film Authorship

The Concept Of Film AuthorshipArising in France in the late 1940s, the auteur was a cinematic theory created by Andre Bazin and Alexandre Astruc, and introduced in the cut film magazine Cahiers du Cinema. Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard were the first to coined the phrase la politique des Auteurs, suggesting the theory of the coach as author. The idea was to advance the ca usance of cinema as a legitimate art form by awarding the director with the status of an artist. Both Truffaut and Godard believed that directors should use the commercial device of film making the way a painter uses a brush, or writer uses a pen, and, through the mise en scne, impress his or her vision apon the work.The idea was that a film is intimately valu competent when it is the product of the director, and his someonealized c each(prenominal). Thus in film authorship, the influences of the director can be seen through all of his works, a lot at times exhibiting aspects of their personal life po rtrayed through out each film. Ideally, one could watch a film without previously have it offing who directed it and then be able to identify who was responsible for its creation. Simply put, the auteur theory acts to describe the mark of a film director on his films and a style that he distinctly owns. some(prenominal) like one can feel at a painting and tell if it is a Picasso, if a film director is an auteur, one can look at his film and tell by its style and recurring themes that a certain director made it.According to the authorship theory, it does not numerate whether or not the director writes his own films, the cinematographer, actors, and others involved in its creation are of secondary if any consideration. The film is said to reflect the vision and the mind of the director through the choices he makes in his film, including his casting of crew and actors. Naturally, a great deal of criticism surrounds such a suggestion. As Philip Halsall (2002) points out film is all the way a collaborative process, even in the smallest of productions, and to elevate the status of the director is to belittle the contributions of other creative personnel such as the cinematographer, the editor, the sound man, and the actors.For a director to be considered a true auteur, Andrew Sarris declared, (HYPERLINK http//www.britishfilm.org.uk/lynch/biblio.htmlsarrisNotes on the Auteur Theory in 1962HYPERLINK http//www.britishfilm.org.uk/lynch/biblio.htmlsarris) a premise must exist whereby the distinguishable genius of the director is a criterion of value. Over a group of films, a director must exhibit certain recurring characteristics of style, which serve as his signature. peerless notable auteur, whose filmography has expanded over three decades, is David lynch. A David Lynch film produces distinctly notable traits readily observed by the amateur, and commanded by the aficionado. His individual surrealist style has defied description thus necessitating the creation of a new term of classification, aptly titled Lynchian.Lynchs films are aesthetically progressive with inherently conservative subject field hidden behind a postmodern veneer.Thematically repetitive, a David Lynch film involves parallel worlds both literally and the metaphorically contrasted elements of evil and innocence, weirdness and normality, the wild and the macabre.The use of duplicity, extensive use of dreams and dream like nightmarish sequences, an obsession with the clandestine, extreme graphic violence and sadistic masochistic sexuality are all fixtures in some form.Lynchian created protagonists are tortured souls constructing illusions to escape their reality, when these fantasies unravel, in the case of disordered Highway, Mulholland Drive, Twin Peaks Fire Walk With Me, The Elephant Man and Eraserhead, the only alternative is death. For those characters that carry off to survive a Lynch film, the idea of a happy conclusion is parodied in a contrived manner, the image of the mechanical robin in down in the mouth Velvet mocking such an improbable end.Lynchs juxtaposition of the homely and the eccentric is re-occurring fixation. Nothing is ever as it seems, there is always a more dark existence lying beneath the surface or hidden behind the curtains. In Blue Velvet, Lynch created an idyllic suburbia drawing on conventions from juvenile movies of the 50s, he presents a Happy Days/American Graffiti nostalgia to the point of parody, to give a contrast to the dark other world that is inevitably co-existent. (Philip Halsall (2002)The regard picturesque world is contrasted with a more sinister dystopian one by employing Lynchs continuing engagement of conventional noir aesthetics.The picture perfect Grease shell dynamic in Blue Velvet including the demure blonde debutante Sandy, is balanced by an exceedingly disturbing and menacing underbelly, centred on a dicey and fairly unstable femme fatale.The femme fatale and its iconography can be scene in almost all Lynchian films. The portrayal of a highly sexualised woman, she is the figure of danger and unattainable desire. She is often filmed in a distinctly voyeuristic manner as scene in Blue Velvet when Jeremy hides in a cupboard and watches Dorothy undress, and in Lost Highway when Alice is forced to strip for Mr Eddy.Lynch utilizes duplicity of characters and motifs as a tactic to reinforce the parallel and to suggest alternative realities. The use of multiply is a traditional convention of dream like realities that can be seen as far back as characters from the Wizard of Oz, a film that Lynch is a self-proclaimed admirer of.Lynch also engages in acts of cinematic self-referentiality. The Black Lodge in Twin Peaks is resurrected in different forms in both Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive. The magical box is Hellraiser, a central ingredient to the narrative returns as the blue box in Mulholland Drive, symbolic of a portal amid two worlds.Curtains are an interconnected moti f and similar form of self-referntiality. They can be seen in the Elephant Man as he is revealed on stage, draped heavy almost engulfing Fred as he wanders down the dark hallway in Lost Highway and consuming the opening sequence of Blue Velvet the use of curtains points to looming darkness, the sinister undertone of whats hidden behind them.Lynchs films offer an artistic form to the contemporary efforts of post-classical Hollywood. Lynch has developed a signatory approach of unconventional narrative, uniform thematic expressions and a distinctly visual style recognizable to both audiences and critics worldwide.However, this cannot be proclaimed so evidently for all of Lynchs films. Dune (1984) was both a critical and commercial disaster and perceived as the least lynchian of his films. Shunned even by Lynch himself, Dune epitomises the constraints and compromises of artistic expression by the commercial demands of auteurism.I didnt really feel I really had permission to make it D une my own. That was the downfall for me. It was a problem. Dune was like a kind of studio film. I didnt open final cut. And, little by little, I was subconsciously making compromises knowing I couldnt go here and not wanting togo there. (Rodley 1997, 119-120). David Lynch citeFor David Lynch and many other auteurs, the focus on a films potential for box office returns, by the studios and the financial backers, becomes the catalyst for tremendous artistic limitation.thither is a contradiction in cinema between the commercial need to maintain the ideology of the creative artists and a simultaneous need to redefine will power in terms of capital, rather than creative investment. (Theories of authorship, Caughie, pg 2. Brecht and the film industry, Screen 16, Ben Brewster, pg 16-33).The auteur as a commercial oddity coincides with the contemporary status of the auteur as a celebrity. present-day(a) auteurs are for the most part, labelled by their commercial status and their baro n to promote a film. The idea of the auteur-star alternates the director in place of the actor as the main drawcard. As lots as an actors acclaimed performance can carry or redeem a script, the auteur-star has the ability to carry and redeem any mannequin of textual material. (The Commerce of Auteurism, A Cinema Without Walls painting and Culture After Vietnam. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers UP, 1991, pg.104)The auteur as a business entity is less a matter of artistic accomplishments and more about attaining a status that sells both the film to the audience, and the director to a studio. (New Hollywood cinema an introduction, By Geoff King pg.115)The idea of the auteur-star is seen commercially as a means of publicity and advertisement. Meaghan Morris noted that today the primary modes of film and auteurs packaging are advertising, review snippeting, trailers, magazine profiles always ready in appropriation as the precondition, and not the postproduction of meaning. (pg 91 Film theor y critical concepts in media and cultural studies, By Philip Simpson, Andrew Utterson, Karen J. Shepherdson Taylor Francis, 2004) Our primary access to the auteur is not seen directly through his/her films but through controlled media mediums such as television, websites, and award ceremonies. (An introduction to film studies, By Jill Nelmes, pg.139)Before David Lynchs Twin Peaks hit mainstream America it was backed by an salvo of teaser advertising, it was hailed as the show that would change the face of network television forever on the September 1989 cover of Connoisseur magazine, long before the wing had gone to air. Overnight, it seemed, there were board games, guidebooks and even Bart Simpson Killed Laura Palmer T-shirts.The constant marketing and promotion of an auteur film communicates information to a large number of audiences who may know the makers reputation but have never seen the films. The auteur is then seen as commercial tactic for promoting associations and cont rolling audience reception. By listing a director in the films title, as some kind of brand, guarantees a relationship between the audience and the film and conditions the way it will be viewed and received. (The Commerce of Auteurism, A Cinema Without Walls Movie and Culture After Vietnam. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers UP, 1991, pg.102)To react to a movie as primarily a Lynch film, for example, is the refusal to form any evaluative response. For the audience, much of the enjoyment lies in already being able to know the gist of the film as a product of the creators generated public image.3. Textual auteurism4. Critical auteurism as a categoryAuteurism is a critical category, in the sense of understanding the author as a critical construct rather than a person.The ability to identify Hitchcock as a group of structuring principles that could be engineered from a critical examination of films, but bearing no necessary relation to the small, fat, male person who routinely appeared in each o f these movies.

Fatty Acid Profile Oil Contents Tocopherol on pigeon

oily Acid Profile Oil Contents Tocopherol on pigeonPigeons, whose comparison with hu sm every last(predicate)-arms traces back to ancient times (B.C. 3000-5000), are seen in almost every geographical region of the world except for the poles. Pigeons live side by side with humans and other living organism species in the nature and they are bred as a source of food, as a hobby, symbol, and for experimental aims (cooper et al.,1984).Pigeons constitute the snicker family Columbidae at bottom the order columbiformes (Baptista et al.,1997).All races of breeds of domestic pigeongenus Columba livia domestica energize been evolved from rock pigeon also c aloneed a rock dove Columba livia livia or jungli kabootar (wild pigeon) that cohabits with man every where in the world. The domestic pigeon breeds are believed to have been developed in the east and Europe had no original breed of its own. Wild pigeons are demented grey with two black bars on each wing (Blechman et al., 2007).There h as been a growing interest in spirit from alternative animal species like deer (Volpelli et al., 2003),ostriches (Cooper, 1999 Horbanczuk, 2002), and pigeons (Zieleziski and Pawlina, 2005). Lean meat is very low in fat (20-50g/kg), pork and fowl have a favourable proportion between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty savages (P S) (Wood et al., 1997 ). Pigeon meat is considered a delicacy and is gaining popularity among consumers in Europe mainly in Great Britain, France, and Italy as well as in the United States and China (Zieleziski and Pawlina, 2005).Pigeon meat is characterized by high nutritive value. Due to low cholesterol and a fairly high protein content, it give the sack be apply as a valuable inclusive component of the human diet. As farthest as FA composition is concerned, pigeon meat resembles meat types of poultry species (Pomianowski et al ., 2009).Vitamin E is a general term used for the designation of tocopherols and tocotrienols (-,-, -, -) (Acker et al ., 1 993) . Variations in vitamin E deposition in fatty tissues have been be between contrasting poultry species (Mecchi et al., 1953). It was found that concentrations of tocopherol in turkey coloured and detractor muscle were only one-fifth to one-third, respectively, those of broilers fed similar dietetic levels (Marusich et al., 1975).They function as the most effective lipid soluble antioxidant , nourishing cell membranes from peroxyl radicals and mutagenic nitrogen oxide species (Acker et al ., 1993). Tocopherols provide immunoprotection (Meydani ,1995), antiproliferative (Azzi et al .,1995) and anticlotting effects (Dowd et al .,1995),platelet adhesives and thrombosis (Hodis et al ., 1995) . Increased vitamin E intake has been inversely associated with the disappoint risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases (Losonczy et al.,1996).Bells palsy or idiopathic facial paralysis is a dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. Several conditions can suffice a facial paralysis, e.g., brain tumor, stroke, and Lyme disease. However, if no specialised cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bells palsy(Salinas et al., 2010). Bells Palsy is a condition cavictimization droopy of one side of the face.People often remember exposure to a cold before developing Bells palsy. Anywhere from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 250 people develops Bells palsy in any(prenominal) given year,most commonly striking people over 70 years . but could occur at any stage of life (Rister, 2003 ). Named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell, who first described it, Bells palsy is the most common acute mononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve) and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis (Salinas et al., 2010).Nutritional Supplements required for Bells Palsy Treatment , includeVitamin B12essential fatty acid(5,000 milligrams daily)Pyruvate(3000 milligrams daily)Vitamin E (40 0 IU daily) ( Rister , 2003).No treatment for Bells Palsy, whether courtly or alternative is much effective than vitamin B12, but if patient has shingles three other Supplements may also help to accelerate recovery. Laboratory experiments have shown vitamin E, Sodium Pyruvate (a support supplement) and membrane stabilizing free fatty acid (Rister, 2003).This project was designed to find out the biochemical basis of the recommendation of the pigeon meat by most of the physicians for the patients of Bells Palsy In the present project, the flesh of wild and domestic pigeons will be analysed and compared for the concentrations of oil , Tocopherol and Fatty acid profile. This relative check will also furnish the scientific reason of preferable use of wild or domestic pigeon for the treatment of patients of BellsPalsy.The main objectives of the present study are as follows To evaluate compare oil contents in flesh of wild and domestic pigeonsTo evaluate compare Tocopherol contents i n flesh of wild and domestic pigeonsTo evaluate compare Fatty acid profile in flesh of wild and domestic pigeonsREVIEW OF LITERATUREPomianowski and Mikulski (2009) excised ii muscles, breast and thigh, from 3 pigeon meat-type breeds (Europigeon,Wrocawski, exponent) and were analyzed for proximate analysis, cholesterol content, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Among the breeds considered, the lowest protein content of breast muscle was found in Kings (21.73%), whereas the highest fat (7.07%) and ash (1.11%) content of breast muscle (P 0.01) was located in Wrocawski pigeons. The cholesterol content of both muscles was lowest in Europigeon (23.6 to 25.2 mg/100 g of tissue) as compared with the King and Wrocawski pigeons (30.2 to 44.4 mg/100 g of tissue). The total content of polyunsaturated FA was lower in thigh than in breast muscles (by 4.5 to 12%, depending on the breed). As far as FA composition is concerned, pigeon meat resembles meat types of poultry species. However, due to lo w cholesterol and a fairly high protein content, pigeon meat can be used as a valuable inclusive component of the human diet.Young and Stagsted (2003) illustrated that in nonstressed birds, antioxidative status was reflected in decreased TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) in pectoralis major (PM ) ,iliotibialis (IL) and liver of ascorbic acid--tocopherol-supplemented chickens and likewise in liver from oregano-supplemented chickens compared to that of nonstressed control birds. However, postmortem temperature, pH, and water-holding capacity were not affected by supplementation. Drip loss from oregano-supplemented chickens showed increased protein oxidation in specific bands, but this did not relate to water-holding capacity or antioxidative status. When exposed to stress, the concentration of TBARS in the control animals increased in PM and IL. Ascorbic acid-- tocopherol supplementation protect IL, and oregano supplementation protected PM from stress-induced increases in TBARS. This di fferential effect between muscles may indicate differences in protectionmechanisms. In conclusion, ascorbic acid--tocopherol and oregano supplements to chickens protect against stress-induced increase in TBARS, in different muscles.Abulude et al. 2006 determined the Anatomical weight, proximate composition, selected mineral contents and sensory evaluation in male and female pigeon birds ( Columba guinea G) found in Akure, Nigeria using standard methods . The species analyzed individu on the wholey , were high in protein (60.63-66.92%), fat (13.28-15.34%) and ash (11.17-15.54%). Moisture, fibre, and carbohydrate contents varied within a narrow range. The mean energy level was 386.93 30.45 Kcal. The mineral contents were highly variable. The abundant elements were Na, K, Ca and Mg and the remaining elements were present in amounts down the stairs toxic levels, while Cd was not detected. The sensory scores in terms of juiciness, attractiveness, tenderness, texture and flavor revealed that these ideals were exhaustively for consumption. The chemical values indicate good timber protein and dietary minerals.Sheldon et al .2007 studied , the effect of varying dietary vitamin E levels on the oxidative stability, flavor, color, and volatile profiles of refrigerated and frozen turkeybreast meat was examined. Breast meat was excised from four carcasses per treatment and evaluated after refrigeration (1 and 7 d) or frozen storage (30, 90,150 d) for oxidativestability and sensory quality by Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis, descriptive flavor profiling, and headspace gas chromatography. The TBA values were inversely related to the dietary vitamin E levels. Refrigerated samples had TBA values 78 to 88% lower for the 10 and 25 vitamin E treatments, respectively, than for the NRC control treatment. No differences in TBA values (refrigerated samples) were detected for the 10, 25, and 20 (3 wk feeding duration) or across all treatments for samples frozen for 5 mo. The 10 and 25 NRC diets produced the most typical and acceptable turkey meat flavors with the fewest oxidized off-flavor notes for both fresh and frozen samples as opposed to the more oxidized flavor notes detected in the control samples. Mean color scores increased, indicative of less pale meat, as the level and duration of feeding dietary vitamin E increased. These findings showed that varying dietary vitamin E levels significantly influenced the oxidative stability and functionality of turkey breast meat.Dsemeth and Messeyne (1981), studied that the fatty acid pattern of the triglyceroides (TG) and phospholipids(PHL) from liver, adipose tissue and crop of the pigeon at various stages of posthatching development and determined the influence of the changing diet. In each tissue and at all ages PHL contained more stearic and polyenoic but less monoenoic acids than the corresponding TG. Especially in the young squabs the acid composition of the liver (TG as well as PHL) is different from t hat of the adipose tissue and the crop. In each tissue and at all ages of pigeons, the TG had a relatively simple fatty acid pattern consisting mainly of Ci6 and C,components and containing more palmitic (160), palmitoleic (161) and oleic (181) acid but only trace amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated acids compared to the corresponding PHL. This class contained a higher amount of stearic (180) and linoleic (182) acid and up to 31% (liver at hatching) C20 and C22 polyenoic acids, mainly arachidonic (204) and docosahexaenoic (226).MATERIAL AND METHODSPlace of working The study will be conducted at succeeding(a) laboratories Research Laboratory , Department of Zoology, GC University FaisalabadPesticide Chemistry Lab, appoint Protection Division ,Nuclear Institute For Agriculture And Biology (NIAB) .Specimen Collection Random samples of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and wild pigeons (Columba livia livia ) will be procured from local supplier at Faisalabad city.Preparation Of SamplesThe selected pigeons will be slaughtered ,defeathered and excised to take out four body parts ( Chest, Wings, legs liver ) .Proximate AnalysisProximate analysis of the samples for moisture , Protein ,Fat , ash and minerals will be done according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists AOAC(2000) .Analysis For Tocopherol Fatty AcidFor the analysis of Tocopherol Fatty acids composition, following methodology will be adopted Blending / mixed baging of FleshHigh Speed blender ( Braun Multimix MX_32 , Germany ) will be used to mix flesh thoroughly .Extraction Of Fat From Pigeon FleshThe fall of fat will be done by using Soxhlet apparatus .25g of each sample will be taken in extraction thimbles .And 125 ml of n_hexane will be taken in 250ml round bottom flask (Quickfit).The extraction will be proceeded for 12 cycles to collect complete oil .Concentration of oil From the extract of n_hexane and oil , n_hexane will be evaporated by using forget me drug evaporatio n apparatus . The extract will be transferred to Round bottom flask, and then will be evaporated the content of n-hexane at appropriate temperature of water toilet (60c) under suction up to dryness.Preparation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)- Fatty Acid Analysis -Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and Fatty acid analysis will be done by using Official Method and recommended practices of American Oil Chemists Society AOCS(1993) .Tocopherol Analysis For the soft and quantitative analysis of tocopherol HPLC coupled with Fluorescence detector will be used (Gliszczynsha Swiglo and Sikorsha ,2004) .Analysis of Tocopherol will be done by using all HPLC analysis of tocopherols at room temperature on waters 600 high performance liquid chromatograph(Waters , Millford ,M.A,USA). For determination of tocopherols in oils , a mobile phase consisting of 50 % acetonitrile (Solvent A ) And 50 % of methanol (Solvent B ) was used with the flow rate 1ml / min. Injection volume was 20 l rheodyne injection was used .Tocopherols were identified by using their retention times with those of corresponding standards and by spiking of samples with appropriate standards .

Hazard Mitigation Planning Essay -- Natural Disasters

Executive summaryHazard extenuation planning is an approach aimed at ascertaining ways to reduce the make, deaths and damage to property that might result in the occurrence of a intrinsic of man-made hazard.Hurricanes are among the costliest and the most destructive of natural disasters. Since 1995, the United States has witnessed more intense activities by hurricanes with Mobile County in Alabama experiencing hurricane Ivan and hurricane Dennis in 2004 and 2005 (Link, 2010). In 2005, Hurricane Katrina was the costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes to have hit the United States and was rated category ternary in Mobile County (Marchi, 2007). The response to the disaster was poor owing to the lack of proper disaster preparedness as well as hazard mitigation planning. The very possibility of a hurricane hitting Alabama in the near future-within which the County of Mobile is located- appears as a near certainty going by prehistorical occurrences. The authorities as well as t he community in Mobile County need to be more prepared for disasters by instituting hazard mitigation measures. These measures should be actualized through an effort by the County authorities in conjunction with the major stakeholders to put together a team that will comprehensively analyze hurricane Katrina and some other past hurricanes affecting Mobile County. The Hurricane mitigation plan for the city of Mobile sets out the available resources and important information that would assist the community in reducingthe effects of a hurricane that might occur in future. The plan concentrates on measures and actions that can be put in place to reduce the effects of a hurricane. It covers an judgment of risk, sets out a strategy for minimizing the effects, and present... ... Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans. Ocean Engineering, 37(1), 4-12.Marchi, B. D. (2007). Not Just a matter of Knowledge The Katrina Debacle. Environmental Hazards, 7(2), 141-149. Rodiek J. (2007). Landscape Plann ing in barbaric Zones, Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, August 2005. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(1), 1-4.Sadowski N. & Sutter D. (2008). Mitigation Motivated by Past Experience Prior Hurricanes and Damages. Ocean and Coastal Management, 51(4), 303-313.Waugh, W. (2006). Shelter from the Storm Repairing the National emergency Management System after Hurricane Katrina. Michigan City SAGE Publications.Yarnal B. (2007). Vulnerability and all that Jazz Addressing Vulnerability in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. technology in Society, 29(2), 249-255.Forren J. (2005). Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Peri Anesthesia Nursing, 20(5), 303-304.