Impact Of Culture And Employee Voice In Organizations Management Essay

Impact Of Culture And Employee Voice In Organizations Management Essay Culture is the shared assumptions, values, and beliefs of a group of people which result in characteristic behaviors (Hobfoll, 2001). People communicate with each other from different cultural background. Culture as a factor influences the following facets of organizational life. Employee voice, through direct or indirect methods, plays an important role in organizational communication. It is evident that computer-mediated communication has become very common in work life, just like through the media of e-mail, mobile phone and even MSN, which facilitates our communication and makes lives at work easier. Nevertheless; some people choose the face to face communication pattern. In their belief, it helps have a relationship with other people directly; however, people can communicate indirect voice including the media of the work council and some union. Also through collective bargaining, people contact each other and change ideas and thoughts with each other freely. And the same conditi on of supervisory boards. In this essay the author will critically evaluate the relationship and impact between culture and employee voice in the context of modern corporations. In the conduct of this discourse, definitions and discussion of culture will be presented followed with explanation and discussion on culture and employee voice in organizations. Some examples will be used to illustrate the basic premise that this culture-voice coupling can be an area of tension for the employee relations practices of multinational corporations. 2.0 Discussion on Culture and Employee Voice in Organization Management. 2.1 Culture and Employee Voice Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization, which comprised of the assumption, values, norms and tangible signs of organization members and their behaviors (Hobfoll, 2001). When the members of an organization work together, they soon come to sense the particular culture of an organization. For example, the culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite different than that of another corporation. Culture plays a vital role in modern society, especially in international businesses among companies. Different culture represents different thoughts, values and way of thinking owing to the different social background (Hobfoll, 2001).. In modern organizations, people work together in the same company may come from different places even different countries. Therefore, the communication between them is of great importance to the development of company. And the concept of culture is particularly important when attempting to manage organizations. Employee voice refers to the participation of employees in influencing corporate decision making. Employees are given a voice through informal and formal means to minimize conflict, improve communication and encourage staff relation through motivation and fair treatment. Employee participation is a form of empowerment and motivation that leads to increased productivity and retention. The term employee voice provides a useful way to examine both its purpose and practice, which is allowed to transfer union and non-union, individual and collective. The purpose of the voice as the articulation of individual dissatisfaction overlapped with notions of employee contribution through communication channels. Second the articulation of voice as collective organization was rather less central than other individualistic definitions of voice (Jeffrey and Linn,  2001). In contemporary organizations, competitive advantage can come from ideas employees communicate to supervisors for improving processes, products, and services. One approach to studying employee communications with supervisors is voice behavior. Different culture has different behavior norm and moral constraints for its employees in a company. Culture will exert great influence on the way employees communicate with each other. Meanwhile; employee voice is a way to represent the organization communication. And the voice of employees conveys their certain culture. Take the Japan Company and American company as examples. In Japan Company, employees are required to hold the creed of discipline and they have high performance work system. Japanese employees should be in charge of their own business individually rather than cooperate with others (Bae, et al., 2001). While in American company the culture is quite different. The employees usually behave directly to others and most of times they will share with the work. What the difference of them show in the aspect of their human management. In some famous Japan companies like SONY, whose employees will be divided into different groups and keep the groups as separate as possible according to their different cultures so as to avoid the cultural clashes with each other. But the feedback of this system is that it is difficult to hear different voices from employees, which will of course constraint the quicker and healthier development of the organization. The condition is opposite of the American company. It can be seen that employee voice in organizations can be greatly influenced by organizational culture. Thus, managers should consider cultural factors when managing employee voice. In all, culture plays an important role in both international business and international human resource management, which has great impact on employee voice, an effective way of organizational communication in organizational management. In modern business world, the fierce competition between companies mainly depends on their cultural advantage through the effective management. Culture difference between employees in companies may lead to the dominant troubles in communication (Hobfoll, 2001). The securing of credibility, the nurturing of goodwill, the motivation of a workforce and the development of a marketable product, all translate into the bottom-line of the success or failure of a business activity. In this regard, the securing of these prizes, in the international context, has prompted multinational corporations to seek to establish a corporate culture across borders, and conduct appropriate measures with employee voice. 2.2 Direct Employee Voice and Indirect Employee Voice Employee voice is attained through both direct voice and indirect voice. Direct employee voice includes general conversation between employees and employers, email communication, employee surveys and notice board at the workplace. While indirect voice includes work council, union, collective bargaining and supervisory board. (Jeffrey  A  L,  Linn  V  D,  2001) The direct voice is most certainly one of the most impressive forms of mediumship whereby the people present are able to very clearly hear Spirits speak aloud in their normal voices, exactly the same voices as they were known by in physical life, and to engage in long conversations with them. The indirect voice represent that enjoy a high-quality, cost-effective, public-switched voice solution for calls to local, national and international, phone destinations. (Burke, R. J. 2001). Organizational values, work experience and satisfactions among managerial and professional women. Direct and Indirect Voice services are specifically designed for business customers concerned about the quality and cost of their voice communications. Indirect access is the simplest way to enjoy all the benefits of becoming a customer of one of our partner supplies. (Buelens, M. and H. Van den Broeck 2007) Our partners indirect voice services allow you to take advantage of their own highly working networks. T his, combined with a detailed approach to building dependable interconnections with other operators across the UK ensures a reliable telephony service for all your communications needs. While direct voice can provide employees an opportunity to exchange ideas and thoughts directly, even face to face. This kind of voice is easily to be heard and accepted by the company. Through the direct employee voice, people can exchange ideas and thoughts with others directly. And this kind of communication can reflect some problems existing in employees. While through the indirect employee voice, it is probably not easy to achieve the result of communication between employees, maybe it will cause some misunderstandings. The experience of the McDonalds EWC suggests that where workforce has low levels of unionization and employees are opposed in principle to the prescribed arrangement, a non-union firm can frustrate even the limited aims of the Directive. Furthermore, legally underpinned national-level substructures, which are often assumed to make such European-level bodies accountable, may fail to do so in practice. Multinational corporations have been defined as enterprises which own or control production or service facilities in more than one country. (Enderwick, P. 1986) It is the dimension of ownership and control of value-adding activity that sets the MNC apart from the organization which simply trades internationally. Moreover this feature of ownership or control brings with it the challenge of managing human resources in different national contexts. It is within this field of organizational life that this essay will be concerned. This can be contested territory for multinational corporations. There will be a practice and experience in the organizations country of origin but the form and content of this may not fit comfortably or favorably in other countries where there is a different cultural disposition to voice. Conclusion Culture as a factor influences the different facets of organizational life in regard of members behavior, belief and human management of an organization. In some certain, employee voice reflects by culture plays an important role in the organization management. The role of employee voice as the articulation of individual dissatisfaction overlapped with notions of employee contribution through communication channels. In the conduct of this discourse, definitions and discussion of culture have been presented followed with explanation and discussion of employee voice. Therefore; the conclusion about this culture-voice coupling is that organizational life should pay primary attention to the culture difference between its members. Only in this way the further development of an organization might be possible.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal.† This statement is true when pertaining to George Orwell’s Animal Farm. The first half of this quote embodies some of the fundamental ideals of the animalist visionary Old Major. The second half signifies the ideas after being doctored to meet the pig’s wants and needs. The pigs of Animal Farm used their relatively high intelligence to their advantage. In chapter 6, the pigs clearly altered the â€Å"seven commandments† to say â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,† (p.79). This allowed them to take up residence in Mr. Jones’s house, a privilege only granted to them. The pig’s ability to read and write, and other animals’ lack of such knowledge widens the gap of â€Å"equality† between the species of Animal Farm. The pigs do many things that may seem unfair or unjust to the other animals. The pigs selfishly mixed milk and apples with their mash and on a separate occasion saw it fit for themselves to sleep in beds. Pigs like Napoleon used Squealer to justify their actions. His sophisticated diction confuses the animals, but at the same time convinces them that what the pigs do is in their favor. He proposed that theses things were â€Å"†¦ absolutely necessary to the well being of a pig.† The animals lack the ability to disagree or form arguments against the pigs, so they are free to selfishly increase their â€Å"equality,† unopposed. Napoleon, the chief pig, eventually used force to carry out his orders in Animal Farm. His attack dogs drove Snowball away, and inspired the fear necessary to gain total control of the Farm, as these beasts left the animals â€Å"†¦ too amazed and frightened to speak.† His foresight to train these dogs, and his use of force, slowly move Animal Farm away from its original utopian equality and more towards Napoleon’s totalitarian ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cunning of pigs like Napoleon allowed them to begin what seems to be an underhanded attempt to take over Animal Farm.

Three Major Themes in Don Quixote

One of the most obvious themes in Don Quixote de la Mancha is that of nostalgia. However, in Don Quixote, what has traditionally been regarded as the central thrust of nostalgia: that it represents a longing for a time which can never again exist or be recaptured, is altered through the use of irony to represent a form of moral idealism. In other words, the particular â€Å"flavor† of nostalgia represented by Cervantes is that of a longing for a moral and ethical past which are considered (ironically) not as ideals of an unattainable past, but as a conception of pragmatic moral instruction.Of note is the personal intimacy with which Cervantes invests his character, Quixote's, conception of a moral idealism which appears readily available and complete in the annuls of antiquity: â€Å"he fell into one of the strangest conceits that ever entered the head of any madman [†¦ ] that he should commence knight-errant, and wander through the world, with his horse and arms† (Cervantes Saavedra 23). The summoning to moral action is based, in actuality, in a sense of personal pride and self-aggrandizement: â€Å"that by accomplishing such enterprises he might acquire eternal fame and renown† (Cervantes Saavedra 23).This latter admission forms the key to the ultimately ironic unfolding of Quixote's nostalgic sense of morality in that it reveals that he, Quixote, never grasped the essential nature of the chivalric morality he idealizes in that he sought fame and recognition rather than purely service to the chivalric code itself. In this way, Cervantes indicates that nostalgia does exert a prohibitive influence on pragmatic application and behavior, but this is only revealed through the irony of Quixote's attempts to literalize a moral code which is, in fact, lost in the mists of antiquity.Further irony emerges from the theme of classicism. This theme may be considered closely aligned with the theme of nostalgia because, given the predilection of Qu ixote for self-aggrandizement, it is only natural for the alert reader to assume that Quixote's â€Å"madness† is born out of an inferiority complex. This natural assumption will be grounded not only in the picaresque action of the plot, but in the portrayal of the internal moral â€Å"compass† of the characters in the story.A good example of how Quixote's â€Å"madness† functions as a portrayal of classicism is the passage where Quixote fantasizes that a brothel is actually a castle: â€Å"he fancied it to be a castle, with four turrets and battlements of refulgent silver, together with its drawbridge, deep moat, and all the appurtenances with which such castles are usually described† (Cervantes Saavedra 28). The madness of Quixote allows ironic inversion of the dominant social order.Thsi tendency (theme) is carried out throughout Don Quixote as a whole with peasants and working-poor taking on roles traditionally associated with the upper-classes. Closel y aligned to the theme of classicism is the the theme of chivalry itself. Given the foregoing descriptions of Cervantes's ironic use of nostalgia and the inversion of the social order, one would expect, and rightly so, that the most obvious theme of Don Quixote, the theme of chivalry, is also intended to be perceived as ironic.The full realization that even Quixote's â€Å"mad† idealization of the past refuses to admit legitimate moral perception through into the world, despite, that same vision exposing the hypocrisy and injustice of the â€Å"present day† world, is a realization which seems to undermine Quixote's stature as an ironic hero. However, when Quixote himself renounces chivalry, his heroic stature is fact, increased, and his character given a final seal of integrity. When he proclaims : â€Å"free from those dark clouds of ignorance with which my eager and continual reading of those detestable books of chivalry had obscured it.Now I perceive the absurdity and delusion of them,† (Cervantes Saavedra 939) Quixote is in fact vocalizing his inner-realization that nostalgia, and chivalry were themselves aspects of the very classicism which, in the beginning, ignited his inner feelings of inferiority. He realizes that chivalry is not a release from the injustices of the present, but merely the past's method of empowering the same social inequalities and injustices which flourished in chivalry's historical decline.

Case study analysis from three different perspectives Essays

Case study analysis from three different perspectives Essays Case study analysis from three different perspectives Essay Case study analysis from three different perspectives Essay Case study analysis from three different perspectives Name Course Date Case study analysis from three different perspectives Ethics applies to all activities that are carried out by human beings. These are the principles that guide people in their professions. Different professions have established distinct but related ethical guidelines. The field of health is not exempted from moral and ethical standings. One of the major ethical debates is based on the issue of organ donation and the transplant process. In the case study, the doctor applies the procedural rule of first come first served. This essay provides a commentary to three perspectives on the ethical issues that arise from the procedural rule. 1. The first come first served rule should apply to all patients. In addition, the procedure should not take in to consideration the physical and financial aspect of the patient. In this case, the street person has greater chances of producing better health results than the lawyer. However, the street person has limited finances to cater for the follow-up process. The cost of treatment after the corneal transplant will require numerous procedures in order to reduce his vulnerability to other complications. However, the lawyer presents a valuable asset to society. He has a family he plays an important role in providing for his family. He is also less likely to incur further complications after surgery. In addition, the lawyer has the financial capability to cater for the follow-up process. He is also invaluable to society as he provides legal services to many people. This argument does not look into the character or potential of the street person. It is therefore unethical as the street person is discriminated based on the financial aspect. It is unethical for doctors to be bias based on prominence and wealth (Garret, et.al, 2009). The street child requires an equal and similar opportunity to the prominent lawyer. Though the lawyer has a family that relies on him, the street person is also a member of the same society as the lawyer. The lawyer may offer a viable option because of his status in society, but according to the law, everyone should have equal opportunities in the provision of healthcare whether rich or poor. 2. It is ethical for the doctor to use the first come first served rule. However, the doctor should consider the outcome of the procedure on both patients. The lawyer presents the possibility of better outcome compared to the street person. In addition, he does not have a history of illness and has fewer chances of complications after the transplant. However, this perspective should also consider the street person. Event though the lawyer presents better chances, the street person is also a patient that requires an organ. The outcome of the transplant should be taken into consideration, but the rule must apply equally either way. The street person also has the potential of benefiting society just like the lawyer. 3. This perspective differs with the rule of first come first served. The alcoholic patient presents fewer chances of following up on his treatment regimen. He also has numerous health complications that might plunge him into further health risks. The view of society is important in the medical field. However, this view should not contradict the ethical principles that guide the practice of medicine. The lawyer presents a better option as he makes a significant contribution to societal development. However, judging the alcoholic as an insignificant member of society is unethical. Alcoholics have the opportunity to change and live productive lives just like the lawyer. Patients should not be judged according to their character, as they deserve equal treatment and care. The physician is therefore correct in the procedural rule he employs. These two patients should pass through the transplant process based on their medical requirements. Therefore, the value of human life should be the p rimary consideration. References Garrett, T. M., Baillie, H. W., Garrett, R. M. (2009). Health care ethics: Principles and problems. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.

Frankenstein Monster Essay

Frankenstein Monster Essay Frankenstein: Monster Essay ïÆ'Ëœ It is by fate rather than fortune that Victor Frankenstein so young in age is mentally scarred by the death of his mother forever resulting to a rapid imagination of a monster. For the sake of his own sanity, Victor expands his passion of knowledge by creating a monster within. ïÆ'Ëœ He secretly reveals himself as the monster by proclaiming self-accusations. â€Å"my own spirit let loose from the grave† (78). â€Å"I called myself the murder..† (181) â€Å"I murdered her.† (189) (P 145)- explain why the monster would take the locket that has a picture of his brother. ïÆ' ¼ Presents evidence of guilt toward his father, he has no reason to say such things and put himself down by tragic †¦ Killed William (younger brother, jealousy), Frames Justine (Caroline’s favorite also regrets him when he had feelings for her), Kills Clerval (jealousy, because this is what Victor could’ve been), Kills Elizabeth (he’s expected to marry her, â€Å"sister†, blames her for his mother’s death). ïÆ'Ëœ He does not seek to have a romantic passion for Elizabeth but views her as the corpse of his own mother. The monster threatens Victor but it doesn’t make sense that Victor believes to that the threat is toward Elizabeth. â€Å"Sometimes I thought that the fiend followed me, and might expedite my remises by murdering my companion† (167). â€Å"I will be with you on your wedding-night† (173). ïÆ' ¼ Gives off that he would murder his own wife but if one was given a hint of harm during their wedding night, why would one

Views on Just War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Views on Just War - Essay Example There were a variety of reasons as to why war can occur, and this may involve personal or judicial reasons. The reasons as to coming up with war need further justification as to its reasons, and goals. The majority root for all the debates is that these reasons must coincide and fit with the nature of war. However, one seemingly ideal question that needs focus is the existence of just war itself. The World War 2 is a definite example to examine and justify the existence of just war. World War 2 The World War 2 began on September 1, 1939, and it lasted for six years. This war was known to be one of the most dreadful wars the world has ever known. The war sparked when Germany took hold of Poland without permission. This then motivated Britain and France to join the war and fight against Germany. Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa later joined the war within a week from the start of war (World War 2.net, n.d.). The causes of World War 2 in summary started when Germany took over Poland. However, there were underlying reasons before it came to the point where Germany invaded Poland. The known underlying causes of World War 2 were â€Å"Treaty of Versailles, Hitler’s Actions, Failure of Appeasement, and Failure of the League of Nations† (History On the Net.com, 2011). The â€Å"Treaty of Versailles was about the deals that were discussed as to how Germany should be held liable for World War 1† peace (History On the Net.com, 2011). The deals were not served as fair and just for the Germans, and they had Adolf Hitler to fight for their rights. â€Å"Adolf Hitler’s actions† particularly invading countries and not keeping his word with regard to peace and integrity made its way to becoming one of the complex reasons of war. The â€Å"failure of appeasement† was about deals that failed to provide the demands of Germans considering that Adolf Hitler’s actions were acceptable. â€Å"Failure of the Leagues of Na tions† was about the failure of the League, and the member countries to enhance world peace (History On the Net.com, 2011). These then were the basis as to how World War 2 was born, and a few of the many justifications that World War 2 was in fact, a just war due to the policies and logical reasons involved. Laws on War: Jus ad Bellum The laws on war are primarily focused on justifying the validity of war or the existence of a just war. â€Å"Jus ad bellum† is a title that provides and considers the legitimacy of a war or how far would a war be considered just. This originated from the â€Å"Charter of the United Nations† under article 2. This article states the involvement of states that use force to gain control and personal interest (Nabulsi, n.d.). The 6 Categories of Just War under Jus ad bellum The justification on the legitimacy of just war should fit on the 6 categories of the jus ad bellum to be able to declare a war that is just or acceptable. Below are the categories and there association to World War 2 justification, and existence of just war. A war must have a valid cause. One of the many examples would be â€Å"defence of others from aggressive attack† (Lacewing, n.d.). The World War 2 was highlighted primarily because of the defense of other countries to Poland when Germany took over them. This was unannounced, and several innocent lives were sacrificed. A war must have the â€Å"

School Uniforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School Uniforms - Essay Example In fact, advocates of the uniform policy at Long Beach insisted that the uniform policy was the only factor involved in the positive outcomes at the school district. Contrastingly, the authors noted that opponents to mandatory school uniforms were adamant that the use of school uniforms encountered ‘legal’ and ‘financial’ problems. Further, they noted the ‘questionable effectiveness’ of the wearing of these uniforms (53). Thus, the researchers in their attempt to test the relationship between uniforms and the four major outcomes made by advocates of the uniform policy utilized data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study conducted in 1988 with 8th grade students. Their results were astounding for in all four cases the researchers discovered that the empirical evidence did not support the claims made by the advocates. Instead there appeared to be the need for alternative thinking on the cause of the positive effects of the use of uniform s at the Long Beach Unified School District. Brunsma and Rockquemore were quick to note that there was other ‘reform efforts’ implemented at the same time as the uniform policy at the Long Beach District (60). The researchers concluded that the negative correlation between the mandatory uniform policy and academic achievement was perhaps asymptomatic of the ‘quick fix nature’ of reform policies at schools. Interestingly, in her article entitled, â€Å"School Uniforms, Academic Achievement, and Uses of Research†, Bodine highlighted possibly erroneous conclusions in Brunsma and Rockquemore’s article. In fact, Bodine contrasted the results obtained by Brunsma and Rockquemore with the results of an Educational Testing Service article. Bodine emphasized the differences in the reasons put... The author of this paper intends to demonstrate that the wearing of a uniform is but a drop in the bucket of methods of reducing the negativity associated with poor academic performance and behavior problems. In addition, claims of improving academic performance through the implementation of a uniform policy have strongly been refuted by researchers and educators alike. This report approves that the uniform initiative should not be a ‘quick fix’ rather other initiatives such as ‘aggressive truancy reduction initiatives, drug prevention efforts, student-athlete drug testing, community efforts to limit gangs, a zero tolerance policy for weapons, character education classes, and conflict resolution programs’ can be used to improve behavioral problems at schools. This paper makes a conclusion that consistent with the conclusion of Brunsma and Rockquemore, the author of this paper believes that although the use of uniforms may be one of the factors which contribute to academic success it does not cause the success. In the Long Beach positive results researchers noted that there were many other policies implemented simultaneously with the school uniforms. The introduction of different teaching methods was one such policy. Northern highlighted Anthony Gell in the United Kingdom who refused to make uniform mandatory at his school. Gell along with other educators found the uniform issue to be highly political, complex and divisive.